Shared Theatrical Makeup

The application of theatrical makeup for performing arts is a routine process. However, both the process of application and the chemical ingredients in cosmetics can be hazardous.  Chemicals can easily enter the body through inhalation and ingestion as well as sometimes by skin contact.  The primary rule is "Never lend or accept makeup from anyone."  This article focuses on a common problem that most performers encounter: much theatrical makeup is shared, and often one makeup artist works on 10, 50 or 100 people daily.   One problem with shared makeup is that some types of cosmetics can possibly be vehicles for biological transmission of disease.  Some bacterial infections, such as staphylococcus, impetigo, and streptococcus can be passed from one individual to another.  However, most current concerns and questions surround the possibility of transmission of viral infections, such as AIDS, herpes simplex, and hepatitis B.  Presently, little research exists specifically questioning the possible transmission of these viruses via common application of makeup.  At this time, the medical profession stresses that it is very unlikely that a virus will be passed through this type of contact. 

A study published in Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Review revealed there was no transmission of hepatitis B virus through contaminated musical instruments or cardiopulmonary resuscitation mannequins used by infected individuals.  There is always the worst-case scenario of the transmission of bacterial infection with the makeup itself providing the medium.  Viral infection could conceivably be passed through contact via small cuts, (such as shaving nicks).

It is important to prevent panic about disease transmission while also providing the safest possible environment for makeup application.  According to theatrical makeup manufacturers, preservatives used in makeups do not in any way protect against transmission of infection.  These additives only increase the shelf-life of the product. Individual makeup is the key to good hygiene. 

Under the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), employees are required "....to assure so far as possible....safe and healthful working conditions..." for their workers.  This means that theaters, television networks, film producers, etc., are responsible for preventing the spread of infections through makeup.  Thus, precautions such as disposable brushes and sponges, individual containers, etc., are the legal responsibility of management.  Although students are not covered by OSHA, our recommendations would be the same for school productions. 

Recommendations

There is a big difference between makeup used in film and camera work, versus theater work.  It is easier to individually serve performers on a long-running show than actors in a commercial or photoshoot, where there are only a few days of work.  The following is a list of suggestions and guidelines that increase safety for performers and makeup artists.

1. Creme sticks: Slice these out with dental spatulas on to individual papers such as butter trays.  Label and reuse them individually for touch-ups.
2. Lipsticks:  These too can be sliced and labeled.  For a long running show, individual lipsticks should be provided. 
3. Pancakes and Powders:  Powdered products provide a less viable environment for infection, but try to individualize usage.  Supply powders in the smallest containers available.
4. Mascara: Use individual applicators/containers if possible.
5. Eyeliners and Eye makeup: Use individual products if possible.
6. Brushes: Use disposable brushes.
7. Sponges: Use disposable sponges whenever possible.  Reusable ones can be disinfected.  Give out individual sponges at the beginning of a show, and maintain separate use.  
8. General Hygiene: Makeup artists should wash hands between each client, for protection of both the makeup artist and the performer.  Likewise, cleaned containers with fresh water should be used for applying each performer's makeup.
9. Miscellaneous:  Any type of facial hair, skullcaps, sequins, or other face product should be disinfected before use by a new performer.  These types of products should be carefully stored in labeled individual plastic bags between performances.  Use an approved bactericide for disinfection.  Always use the smallest containers possible.  If these are not "personal size," you can subdivide makeup from the larger containers.

Art Hazard News, Volume 11, No. 9, 1988

This article was originally printed for Art Hazard News, © copyright Center for Safety in the Arts 1988. It appears on CAR courtesy of the Health in the Arts Program, University of Illinois at Chicago, who have curated a collection of these articles from their archive which are still relevant to artists today.